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Related Concept Videos

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of Chloroplasts
A...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects
15:25

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Published on: March 16, 2010

Chromoplast formation during tomato fruit ripening. No evidence for plastid DNA methylation.

M R Marano1, N Carrillo

  • 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Area Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina.

Plant Molecular Biology
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tomato fruit ripening transforms chloroplasts into chromoplasts. DNA analysis revealed no significant genomic changes or methylation, refuting the idea that DNA methylation controls gene expression during this plastid development.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects
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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Chloroplasts differentiate into chromoplasts during tomato fruit ripening.
  • Plastid genome changes during differentiation are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential DNA methylation differences between chloroplasts and chromoplasts.
  • To determine if DNA methylation regulates gene expression during plastid development.

Main Methods:

  • Restriction endonuclease digestion and DNA/DNA hybridization of plastid DNA from green leaves and red fruits.
  • Hybridization of digested DNA with probes covering 85% of the tobacco chloroplast genome.
  • Use of methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Identical restriction and gene maps for chloroplast and chromoplast DNA, indicating no major recombination.
  • No detectable differences in DNA methylation patterns between chloroplasts and chromoplasts.
  • Methylation-sensitive enzyme analysis did not reveal developmentally regulated DNA methylation.

Conclusions:

  • Chromoplast formation from chloroplasts involves minimal genomic alteration.
  • DNA methylation does not appear to play a significant role in transcriptional control during plastid differentiation in tomatoes.
  • The hypothesis of selective DNA methylation controlling gene expression in non-photosynthetic plastids is not supported by these findings.