Phenotypic differentiation and pre-mating isolation between allopatric populations of Girardinichthys multiradiatus

Sexual selection may lead to reproductive isolation between populations through divergence in female mate choice, and population differentiation driven by female mate choice is expected to produce pre- but not post-mating isolation. We tested these hypotheses by looking at whether allopatric populations of the Amarillo (Girardinichthys multiradiatus), a sexually dimorphic viviparous fish with effective female choice, (i) have undergone phenotypical differentiation that may be attributed to divergence in female mate choice, and (ii) are already separated by pre- and/or post-mating reproductive barriers. We found substantial divergence in morphological traits which are the target of female mate choice, and in male courtship behaviour. Strong female preferences for homogametic males indicate substantial and symmetric pre-copulatory isolation, but the few successful heterogametic crosses produced in confinement yielded litters of the same size as those produced in homogametic matings, suggesting that post-copulatory isolation between populations is non-existent or weak. It appears that the studied populations have undergone incipient speciation with a pattern that is consistent with speciation driven by sexual selection, yet further work should assess whether divergence in female preferences has promoted male phenotypic differentiation or whether variation in male attributes has driven divergence in female preferences.