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Physical activity and the immune system.

R J Shephard1, T J Verde, S G Thomas

  • 1School of Physical & Health Education, University of Toronto, Ontario.

Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences = Journal Canadien Des Sciences Du Sport
|September 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary
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Exercise temporarily alters immune function, affecting cell counts and responses. While moderate training shows minor changes, excessive training may suppress immunity, with limited impact on infection or cancer risk.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Immune function assessment involves infection susceptibility, blood counts, and cell proliferation assays.
  • Acute exercise elicits transient and variable immune responses influenced by exercise type, intensity, and individual fitness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of acute and prolonged exercise on immune function.
  • To examine the effects of training status and exercise intensity on immune responses.
  • To determine the relationship between exercise-induced immune changes and health risks.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed immune function through infection susceptibility, differential blood counts, lymphocyte subset analysis (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells), and cell proliferation assays.

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  • Measured immunoglobulin levels and soluble immune factors (interleukin-1, interferon).
  • Utilized cross-sectional comparisons and training experiments to evaluate resting immune status and exercise responses.

    • Main Results:

    • Acute exercise induced transient leukocytosis, granulocytosis, lymphocytosis, and altered T to B cell ratios, reflecting blood volume and cell migration.
    • Lymphocyte subsets showed decreased helper/suppressor ratios and increased natural killer cells.
    • Prolonged exercise reduced immunoglobulin levels, while acute exercise increased interleukin-1 and interferon.
    • Well-conditioned individuals exhibited resting lymphocytosis and enhanced natural killer cell activity.
    • Excessive training showed minor, variable suppression of immune function, with limited influence on infection or cancer risk.

    Conclusions:

    • Exercise causes significant, albeit transient, alterations in immune cell distribution and function.
    • Training status influences resting immune parameters, with well-conditioned individuals showing some immune advantages.
    • While excessive training may suppress immunity, its impact on health risks like infection or cancer appears limited due to the transient nature of these changes.