Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas: a nineteenth century view of a twenty first century problem

This is a literature review which approaches the problem of successful use of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis within the construct of Virchow's triad. By organizing the literature with regard to Virchow's concepts of blood flow, vascular injury, and thrombophilia an improved understanding arteriovenous fistula placement, maintenance and repair can be obtained. This process is designed to increase understanding and options for treatment by looking at this problem and using scientific knowledge gained in cardiology, oncology and vascular surgery medicine. Future approaches to fistulas will hopefully be a multifaceted and based in cellular pathophysiology as well as surgical and radiologic interventions and repairs.