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Related Concept Videos

Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain.
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...

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Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
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External hydrocephalus in small children.

Raj Kumar1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, UP, India. rajkumar@sgpgi.ac.in

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|March 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

External hydrocephalus diagnosis can be challenging due to varied terminology. This study identifies key clinical and radiological signs, including extracerebral fluid collection and enlarged subarachnoid spaces, aiding in accurate diagnosis and conservative management.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuroradiology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • External hydrocephalus is often confused with other subdural fluid collections, leading to diagnostic ambiguity.
  • Varied terminology such as subdural effusion, hygroma, and benign infantile hydrocephalus complicates literature interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define clear clinical and radiological criteria for diagnosing external hydrocephalus.
  • To differentiate external hydrocephalus from other subdural fluid collections.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of five children (9 months to 2 years) with subdural fluid collection over 8 years.
  • Utilized established radiological and clinical criteria for suspected cases.

Main Results:

  • Four children presented with craniomegaly; one had a tense, bulging fontanelle.
  • CT scans revealed hemispheric extracerebral fluid collection and enlarged subarachnoid spaces in all cases.
  • Three children showed mild-to-moderate ventriculomegaly; two had borderline ventricular enlargement. All improved with conservative management.

Conclusions:

  • External hydrocephalus requires differentiation from other subdural fluid collections.
  • Key radiological criteria include extracerebral fluid collection, dilated subarachnoid spaces, and mild ventriculomegaly without significant periventricular lucency.
  • Conservative management, including acetazolamide, was effective in ameliorating clinical features.