Functional anatomy of the shoulder.

Area of Science:

• Orthopedics
• Sports Medicine
• Anatomy

Background:

• Shoulder movements result from complex interactions of bony anatomy, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
• Disruptions to these components, via overuse or trauma, increase shoulder injury risk.
• Functional anatomy understanding is foundational for clinicians treating athletes with shoulder injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the functional anatomy of the shoulder.
• To provide a foundation for understanding shoulder biomechanics and injury.
• To discuss common athletic shoulder injuries from an anatomical perspective.

Main Methods:

• Literature search of MEDLINE (1980-1999).
• Keywords included "shoulder," "anatomy," "glenohumeral joint," "acromioclavicular joint," "sternoclavicular joint," "scapulothoracic joint," and "rotator cuff."

Main Results:

• Human shoulder movement is analyzed via structural, static, and dynamic components.
• Key bony anatomy (humerus, scapula, clavicle) and articulations are described.
• The interplay of static restraints and dynamic muscle forces is examined in relation to athletic injuries.

Conclusions:

• Shoulder injuries are a significant concern in athletic populations.
• A functional understanding of shoulder girdle biomechanics is essential for structured treatment approaches.
• This knowledge aids clinicians in managing athletes with shoulder injuries.