[Immune evasion mechanisms of hepatitis C virus. Review]

Hepatitis Virus C (HCV) is a major worldwide health care problem. HCV infection usually tends to become chronic and can generate long-term hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These affections frequently require a liver transplant to prolong the patients life. Maintenance of the chronic infection implies evasion of the host immune responses. Viral mechanisms involved in this evasion are being profusely studied in order to develop new and effective therapies and vaccines against HCV. An important HCV characteristic, its high genetic variability, has been proposed to contribute to immune evasion by means of antigenic change and variation. On the other hand, some studies suggest that genetic variability is not necessary to establish a chronic infection. Other studies related to immune responses in patients with spontaneous virus clearance and patients with chronic infection show a possible immunosuppression caused by some viral proteins, that may be essential to persist in the host. Specifically, it is believed that viral proteins NS5A, E2 and Core modulate some innate and specific immune mechanisms. The analysis of all data related to this topic suggests the existence of synergistic cooperation between viral variation and immunosuppression to overcome the immune defenses of the host.