Adrenocorticotropin receptors: functional expression from rat adrenal mRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes

The adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) receptor, which binds corticotropin and stimulates adenylate cyclase and steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells, was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with rat adrenal poly(A)+ RNA. Expression of the ACTH receptor in individual stage 5 and 6 oocytes was monitored by radioimmunoassay of ligand-stimulated cAMP production. Injection of 5-40 ng of adrenal mRNA caused dose-dependent increases in ACTH-responsive cAMP production. These were detected at 48 h and reached a maximum 72 h after microinjection of 20-40 ng of adrenal mRNA. In response to 1 microM ACTH, total cAMP production increased within 2.5 min and reached half-maximal and maximal levels (5-fold greater than basal) at 10 and 75 min, respectively, and then remained elevated for up to 5 h. Extracellular cAMP levels were much lower but showed prominent linear increases from almost undetectable levels, with 70- and 150-fold increases evident at 1 and 2 h, respectively. The half-maximal concentration (ED50) for stimulation of cAMP formation was 5 x 10(-8) M ACTH-(1-24); the ED50 for ACTH-(1-17) was 5 x 10(-7) M, and no response was observed with ACTH-(1-10). Size fractionation of rat adrenal poly(A)+ RNA by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation revealed that mRNA encoding the ACTH receptor was present in the 1.1- to 2.0-kilobase fraction. These data indicate that ACTH receptors can be expressed from adrenal mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and are fully functional in terms of ligand specificity and signal generation. The extracellular cAMP response to ACTH is a sensitive and convenient index of receptor expression. This system should permit more complete characterization and expression cloning of the ACTH receptor.