Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

14.6K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
14.6K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

2.1K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
2.1K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.3K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.3K
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

2.0K
MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Single-cell eQTL mapping reveals convergent glial-neuronal risk architecture in Parkinson's disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Experimental and computational methods for allelic imbalance analysis from single-nucleus RNA-seq data.

Genome biology·2026
Same author

Empiric azithromycin alters the upper respiratory microbiome and resistome without anti-inflammatory benefit in COVID-19.

Nature microbiology·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Machine learning models predict long COVID outcomes based on baseline clinical and immunologic factors.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Machine learning models predict long COVID outcomes based on baseline clinical and immunologic factors.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Host Genetic Architecture between Epstein-Barr Virus Activity and Multiple Sclerosis Reveals Shared Pathways.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.2K

MHC class II expression identifies functionally distinct human regulatory T cells.

Clare Baecher-Allan1, Elizabeth Wolf, David A Hafler

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. callan@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|April 6, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human CD4 T cells expressing MHC class II (MHC-II) identify a distinct regulatory T cell (Treg) population. These MHC-II expressing Tregs mediate early, contact-dependent suppression, unlike their MHC-II negative counterparts.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Optimized Protocol for Detecting Antigen-Specific T Cells in Mouse Lungs Using Tetramers
09:15

Author Spotlight: Optimized Protocol for Detecting Antigen-Specific T Cells in Mouse Lungs Using Tetramers

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.6K
Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers
15:42

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Published on: March 5, 2009

22.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

2.2K
Author Spotlight: Optimized Protocol for Detecting Antigen-Specific T Cells in Mouse Lungs Using Tetramers
09:15

Author Spotlight: Optimized Protocol for Detecting Antigen-Specific T Cells in Mouse Lungs Using Tetramers

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.6K
Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers
15:42

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Published on: March 5, 2009

22.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Circulating human CD4 T cells can express functional MHC class II molecules, inducing T cell nonresponsiveness.
  • MHC class II (MHC-II) determinants (DR) are significantly expressed on a subpopulation of CD4+ CD25(high) regulatory T cells (Treg).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the function of CD4 T cells expressing MHC-DR.
  • To identify distinct functional populations within human CD4+ CD25(high) Treg.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry to identify CD4+ CD25(high) T cells expressing MHC-DR.
  • Functional assays to assess T cell suppression and cytokine secretion (IL-4, IL-10).
  • Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting to measure Foxp3 expression.
  • Single-cell cloning of Treg populations.

Main Results:

  • MHC-II expression on human CD4+ CD25(high) T cells identifies a functionally distinct Treg population mediating early contact-dependent suppression and high Foxp3 expression.
  • MHC-II negative CD4+ CD25(high) Treg cells secrete IL-4 and IL-10 early, followed by late Foxp3-associated suppression.
  • DR-expressing CD25(high) Treg exhibit higher Foxp3 levels compared to DR-negative counterparts.
  • Single-cell cloning indicated that CD25(high) expression, not DR, predicted suppressive function and high Foxp3 levels, with a propensity for constitutive DR expression.

Conclusions:

  • Direct ex vivo expression of MHC-II in CD4+ CD25(high) T cells identifies a mature, functionally distinct regulatory T cell population.
  • This MHC-II expressing Treg subset is involved in contact-dependent in vitro suppression.
  • CD25(high) expression is a key marker for suppressive Treg function, irrespective of initial DR expression.