Monkey model of severe volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation to outcome

Seventeen cynomolgus monkeys under N2O analgesia and sedation were subjected to severe volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock (shed blood volume of 21 or 27 ml/kg). In 12 monkeys, resuscitation was started after increasing periods of hemorrhagic shock from 30 min to 5 h. In five additional monkeys, volume-controlled hemorrhage was modified at hemorrhagic shock 30 min to control MAP at 30 mmHg: resuscitation was started at hemorrhagic shock of 2 h. A clinically relevant resuscitation protocol consisted of a field phase from 0 to 6 h (lactated Ringer's solution, spontaneous breathing), and a hospital intensive care phase from 6 h to 48 h (blood, lactated Ringer's solution to mean arterial pressure (MAP) greater than or equal to 70 mmHg, controlled ventilation, advanced life support). Fifteen of the 17 monkeys survived. After outcome evaluation at 4 or 7 days, the eight monkeys with "moderate insult" had only transient functional impairment. Of the nine with "severe insult," three showed signs of moderate transient non-oliguric renal failure. Eight of the 12 monkeys studied morphologically showed scattered liver cell damage. None of the monkeys developed pulmonary dysfunction or functional or morphologic evidence of cerebral damage. This study establishes a new hemorrhagic shock-resuscitation model simulating field-to-hospital life support. Severe hemorrhagic shock with MAP 30-40 mmHg for 90-120 min (without trauma or sepsis) can lead to complete functional recovery after transient malfunction of liver and kidneys.