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Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput
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Controlling element-induced alterations in UDPglucose:flavonoid glucosyltransferase, the enzyme specified by the

H K Dooner1, O E Nelson

  • 1Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 1, 1977
PubMed

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...