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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: November 5, 2015

Spatial homogeneity and redshift-distance laws.

J F Nicoll¹, I E Segal

¹Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|June 1, 1982

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial homogeneity in galaxies aligns with the Lundmark law, not the Hubble law. Analysis reveals the Hubble law is self-inconsistent, while the Lundmark law provides a statistically sound description of galaxy distribution.

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Area of Science:

Cosmology
Galaxy Distribution
Statistical Astronomy

Background:

Spatial homogeneity is a fundamental assumption in cosmological models.
Previous studies have utilized the V/V(m) test to assess galaxy distribution.
The Hubble and Lundmark laws describe different relationships between redshift and distance.

Purpose of the Study:

To test spatial homogeneity in low-redshift galaxies using the Kafka-Schmidt V/V(m) test.
To compare the consistency of the Hubble (linear) and Lundmark (quadratic) redshift-distance laws with observed galaxy distribution.
To determine the luminosity functions for each law, correcting for observational biases.

Main Methods:

Application of the Kafka-Schmidt V/V(m) test to well-documented galaxy samples.
Nonparametric, statistically optimal methods for deriving luminosity functions, removing observational cutoff bias.
Analysis of the regression of redshift on magnitude, considering its dependence on the luminosity function.

Main Results:

Spatial homogeneity is consistent with the Lundmark law but shows significant deviations under the Hubble law.
The Hubble law exhibits self-inconsistency, even after bias correction, indicated by a statistically significant correlation between absolute magnitude and redshift.
The Lundmark law demonstrates statistically satisfactory correlations, supporting its validity.

Conclusions:

The Lundmark (quadratic redshift-distance) law provides a more accurate description of spatial homogeneity for low-redshift galaxies than the Hubble (linear) law.
The Hubble law's inherent self-inconsistency challenges its applicability in describing large-scale galaxy distribution.
Bias-corrected luminosity functions and regression analyses reinforce the statistical superiority of the Lundmark law.