Reciprocal and nonreciprocal recombination in diploid clones from Bacillus subtilis protoplast fusion: Association...

The primary heterodiploid bacteria regenerated after Bacillus subtilis fusion, although generally noncomplementing diploids, behave in pedigree analysis as multipotential systems. Individual diploid colonies yielding complete reciprocal recombinant (RR) progeny-often accompanied by one or both parents-constitute 10-30% of the total recombinant-forming units. The RR (reciprocal for 8-11 genes) usually occur in equivalent numbers both among and within individual colonies. Novel for bacteria, they demonstrate that entire parental genomes brought together within a diploid protoplast are retained as two independent replicons able to undergo classical recombination characteristic of eukaryotic gametogenesis. Parental or recombinant genomes are also subject to multiple rounds of recombination without obligate segregation and often not reciprocal. Diploid recombinant clones, sharing streptomycin resistance but reciprocal for auxotrophic markers, have displayed a partial ability to make a facultative shift in chromosome expression. They have also produced two types of prototrophs: a stable one (presumably haploid and recombinant) and an unstable one, (diploid and temporarily complementing at low frequency). It follows that chromosome extinction may affect both parental and recombinant chromosomes and does not interfere with recombination. Analysis of the number and chromosomal distribution of crossovers in all recombinants and those from single diploid clones shows increased frequency of exchange in the regions of the replication origin and terminus, possibly a result of the association of these sites with the cell wall or membrane.