Internal water molecules and magnetic relaxation in agarose gels

Agarose gels have long been known to produce exceptionally large enhancements of the water 1H and 2H magnetic relaxation rates. The molecular basis for this effect has not been clearly established, despite its potential importance for a wide range of applications of agarose gels, including their use as biological tissue models in magnetic resonance imaging. To resolve this issue, we have measured the 2H magnetic relaxation dispersion profile from agarose gels over more than 4 frequency decades. We find a very large dispersion, which, at neutral pH, is produced entirely by internal water molecules, exchanging with bulk water on the time scale 10(-8)-10(-6) s. The most long-lived of these dominate the dispersion and give rise to a temperature maximum in the low-frequency relaxation rate. At acidic pH, there is also a low-frequency contribution from hydroxyl deuterons exchanging on a time scale of 10(-4) s. Our analysis of the dispersion profiles is based on a nonperturbative relaxation theory that remains valid outside the conventional motional-narrowing regime. The results of this analysis suggest that the internal water molecules responsible for the dispersion are located in the central cavity of the agarose double helix, as previously proposed on the basis of fiber diffraction data. The magnetic relaxation mechanism invoked here, where spin relaxation is induced directly by molecular exchange, also provides a molecular basis for understanding the water 1H relaxation behavior that governs the intrinsic magnetic resonance image contrast in biological tissue.