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Factor structure and interpretation of the K10.

Robert T Brooks1, John Beard, Zachary Steel

  • 1Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Centre for Population Mental Health Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. r.brooks@unsw.edu.au

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|April 6, 2006
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Summary

The Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10) has a stable 4-factor structure, with two second-order factors representing depression and anxiety. This validated structure enhances its use in mental health research and clinical settings.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological assessment
  • Mental health research
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • The Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10) is a widely used 10-item measure for assessing psychological distress.
  • Despite its broad application in population surveys and clinical settings, detailed information regarding its underlying structure has been limited.
  • Understanding the factorial composition is crucial for accurate interpretation and application of K10 scores.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the factorial composition of the Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10).
  • To validate the identified structure across different community samples.
  • To clarify the latent dimensions of psychological distress measured by the K10.

Main Methods:

  • Factorial analysis was conducted on data from a prospective community survey.
  • The factorial structure was cross-validated using a separate, large community survey dataset.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test the proposed model.

Main Results:

  • The K10 demonstrated a stable 4-factor structure across two independent community surveys.
  • A second-order factor analysis revealed a robust 2-factor structure.
  • The four first-order factors were identified as Nervous, Negative Affect, Fatigue, and Agitation, aligning with original scale constructs, while the second-order factors represent Depression and Anxiety.

Conclusions:

  • The Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10) possesses a reliable and valid 4-factor structure with a 2-factor higher-order structure.
  • This validated structure supports the interpretation of K10 scores as indicative of underlying Depression and Anxiety dimensions.
  • The findings confirm the K10's utility as a psychometrically sound measure in diverse mental health assessments.