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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions
14:49

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Published on: April 23, 2011

CTCF mediates interchromosomal colocalization between Igf2/H19 and Wsb1/Nf1.

Jian Qun Ling1, Tao Li, Ji Fan Hu

  • 1Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 15, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Chromosome looping enables gene regulation. This study found CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) mediates interchromosomal associations between gene regions, impacting gene expression and suggesting new models for DNA recombination.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions
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Published on: October 14, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Gene transcription is regulated by enhancers and insulators via chromosome looping.
  • Interactions between distant genomic regions can influence gene expression.
  • Allele-specific regulation is crucial for development and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate interchromosomal interactions in gene regulation.
  • To determine the role of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in mediating these interactions.
  • To explore the functional consequences of CTCF-mediated interchromosomal associations on gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Chromosome conformation capture (3C) technique and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
  • Analysis of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2)/H19 imprinting control region (ICR) and Wsb1/Nf1 locus.
  • Experimental manipulation involving CTCF omission and maternal ICR deletion.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated colocalization of the Igf2/H19 ICR allele (chromosome 7) with the Wsb1/Nf1 allele (chromosome 11).
  • Showed that CTCF and the maternal ICR are essential for this interchromosomal association.
  • Revealed that abrogating this association alters Wsb1/Nf1 gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • CTCF mediates long-range interchromosomal associations between specific gene regions.
  • These associations may occur within transcription factories, facilitating coordinated gene regulation.
  • Provides a model for allele-specific interactions between chromosomes, relevant to DNA recombination and RNA trans-splicing.