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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons
13:39

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons

Published on: December 10, 2009

AKT can be activated in the nucleus.

Ruiwen Wang1, Michael G Brattain

  • 1Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.

Cellular Signalling
|April 18, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of cancer cells. Nuclear translocation of AKT is an active process requiring multiple protein segments and is conformation-dependent.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • The protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) plays a crucial role in cell survival and proliferation.
  • Understanding AKT's subcellular localization, particularly its nuclear presence, is vital for comprehending its function in cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms governing AKT/PKB nuclear localization in cancer cells.
  • To identify the specific regions and processes involved in AKT nuclear translocation.

Main Methods:

  • Immunofluorescence staining of endogenous and transfected AKT in HEK 293, HeLa, and MCF7E cells.
  • Analysis of serial deletion mutants of GFP3-HA-AKT to map nuclear localization signals.
  • Generation of a chimeric AKT protein with a nuclear localization signal to assess translocation pathways.

More Related Videos

Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins
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Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins

Published on: August 10, 2014

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation
11:20

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation

Published on: August 30, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons
13:39

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons

Published on: December 10, 2009

Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins
10:03

Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins

Published on: August 10, 2014

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation
11:20

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation

Published on: August 30, 2017

Main Results:

  • AKT/PKB is detected in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of various cancer cell lines.
  • AKT nuclear translocation is an active, conformation-dependent process requiring multiple protein segments.
  • No apparent nuclear export signal was identified for AKT.
  • Nuclear AKT was found to be activated in MCF7E cells upon stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • AKT nuclear translocation is a complex process, likely involving protein-protein interactions or conformational changes.
  • Activated AKT in the nucleus suggests a role beyond cytoplasmic signaling pathways.
  • Further research into nuclear AKT function could reveal new therapeutic targets in cancer.