Wound chronicity and fibroblast senescence--implications for treatment

A proportion of chronic wounds fail to heal in response to standard therapy. For venous leg ulcers, a correlation exists between longer duration before treatment initiation and poor healing response to compression therapy. Differences identified between the healing wound microenvironment and that of the non healing chronic wound suggests that many potential mechanisms exist to impair healing. One contributory mechanism may be inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and induction of a stress-induced premature senescence phenotype by the continuing inflammation found in chronic wounds. Senescent fibroblasts exhibit an extracellular matrix degradative phenotype that contributes to wound chronicity. Accumulation of greater than 15% senescent fibroblasts has been described as a threshold beyond which wounds become hard to heal. The ratio of senescent : non senescent cells is therefore critical to determining response to treatment, and adjunctive therapies that modulate this ratio in favour of non senescent cells are likely to enhance therapeutic healing rates. A number of tissue-engineered dermal replacements contain non senescent fibroblasts and can donate cells to the wound environment additional to releasing growth factors and reversing the antiproliferative activity of chronic wound exudate. Recognition of the role of fibroblast senescence in wound chronicity may allow for identification of those wounds that will respond positively to these products.