1University of São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão, Preto-rua Campos Sales, 330, apto 44 Ribeirâo Preto, São Paulo 15015-110, Brazil. grlauret@fmrp.usp.br
This review explores opioid agonists and antagonists, detailing their mechanisms, chronic use, and adverse effects. It also presents clinical shortcuts and future directions for multimodal analgesia.
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