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Wide-pulse-width, high-frequency neuromuscular stimulation: implications for functional electrical stimulation.

Evan R L Baldwin1, Piotr M Klakowicz, David F Collins

  • 1Centre for Neuroscience, E-435 Van Vliet Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|April 22, 2006
PubMed
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Surface electrical stimulation effectively generates greater muscle contractions than expected, particularly in the triceps surae, by utilizing "extra contractions" for enhanced neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Electrical stimulation can evoke contractions beyond direct motor axon activation, termed 'extra contractions'.
  • Understanding optimal stimulation methods is crucial for advancing neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the most effective method for delivering electrical stimulation to elicit 'extra contractions'.
  • To compare muscle stimulation versus nerve stimulation for evoking contractions and 'extra contractions' in the triceps surae and wrist flexors.

Main Methods:

  • Surface electrical stimulation was applied to the triceps surae and wrist flexors (muscle stimulation) and to the median and tibial nerves (nerve stimulation).
  • Stimulation parameters included varying frequencies (20 Hz, 100 Hz) and intensities.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Contraction amplitude, consistency, and stability were evaluated, alongside surface electromyography (EMG) to assess H-reflexes and M-waves.

    • Main Results:

    • Muscle stimulation in the triceps surae yielded the largest absolute contractions (23% MVC) and significantly increased torque via 'extra contractions' (412% increase at 100 Hz).
    • In wrist flexors, both stimulation types produced similar results (11% MVC absolute contractions, 161% increase in torque via 'extra contractions').
    • Plantar flexors showed substantially larger 'extra contractions' with muscle stimulation compared to wrist flexors.

    Conclusions:

    • Surface muscle stimulation is a highly effective method for generating significant 'extra contractions' in the triceps surae.
    • This study provides initial evidence for 'extra contractions' in wrist flexors, suggesting potential applications for NMES in diverse muscle groups.
    • The findings highlight the importance of stimulation method in optimizing NMES outcomes.