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Updated: Aug 9, 2026
Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
Published on: October 15, 2021
Long-term mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage
M L Flaherty1, M Haverbusch, P Sekar
1Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA. matthew.flaherty@uc.edu
Insights
Long-term mortality following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remained unchanged between two large population cohorts separated by over a decade. Surgical intervention for ICH decreased, while anticoagulant-related cases increased.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a critical subtype of stroke with high mortality.
- Understanding long-term survival trends is essential for evaluating healthcare interventions and outcomes.
- Previous studies have indicated potential improvements in stroke care, but data on ICH specifically are limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess and compare long-term mortality rates in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) across two distinct population-based cohorts.
- To identify changes in patient demographics, treatment approaches, and outcomes between the two study periods.
Main Methods:
- Two large population-based cohorts of non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients were analyzed, with the first cohort from 1988 and the second from 1998-2003.
- Mortality data were collected and analyzed using actuarial methods.
- Statistical comparison between the cohorts was performed using a log-rank test.
Main Results:
- Cohort 1 included 183 ICH patients; Cohort 2 included 1,041 ICH patients.
- Patients in Cohort 1 were more likely to be white and undergo surgery for ICH compared to Cohort 2.
- Mortality at 7 days, 1 year, and 10 years for Cohort 1 was 31%, 59%, and 82%, respectively. For Cohort 2, 7-day and 1-year mortality were 34% and 53%. No significant difference in mortality rates was observed between the cohorts (p = 0.259).
Conclusions:
- Long-term mortality following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) did not show significant improvement between the two study periods.
- There was a decrease in the frequency of surgical operations for ICH.
- An increase in the incidence of anticoagulant-associated ICH was observed.
Objective:
To characterize long-term mortality following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in two large population-based cohorts assembled more than a decade apart.
Methods:
All patients age > or = 18 hospitalized with nontraumatic ICH in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky area were identified during 1988 (Cohort 1) and from May 1998 to July 2001 and August 2002 to April 2003 (Cohort 2). Mortality was tabulated using actuarial methods and compared with a log-rank test.
Results:
There were 183 patients with ICH in Cohort 1 and 1,041 patients in Cohort 2. Patients in Cohort 1 were more likely to be white (p = 0.024) and undergo operation for their ICH (p = 0.002), whereas patients in Cohort 2 were more commonly on anticoagulants (p < 0.001). Among patients in Cohort 1, mortality at 7 days, 1 year, and 10 years was 31, 59, and 82%. Among patients in Cohort 2, mortality at 7 days and 1 year was 34 and 53%. Mortality rates did not differ between cohorts by log-rank test (p = 0.259).
Conclusions:
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mortality did not improve significantly between study periods. Operation for ICH became less frequent, whereas anticoagulant-associated ICH became more common.
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