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Related Experiment Videos

Anticipatory movement timing using prediction and external cues.

Jeremy B Badler1, Stephen J Heinen

  • 1The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94115, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|April 28, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Anticipatory eye movements are controlled by both internal predictions and external cues. The balance between these factors shifts depending on stimulus timing, showing neither dominates control.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Animals use anticipatory movements to overcome reaction time limitations.
  • Anticipatory movements can be triggered by external sensory cues or internal predictions.
  • The dominance of internal versus external cues in combined cueing scenarios remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the timing of anticipatory smooth pursuit eye movements is influenced by the simultaneous presence of a predictable event and an external cue.
  • To determine whether internal prediction or external cues dominate the control of anticipatory responses under varying stimulus conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Monkeys performed smooth pursuit eye movements tracking a moving target.
  • A temporal 'gap' cue (fixation point disappearance) preceded target onset.

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  • Target onset timing was manipulated to alter prediction demands.

    • Main Results:

    • Pursuit initiation was jointly determined by the gap cue and target onset prediction.
    • When target motion began earlier, prediction played a larger role; when later, the cue was more influential.
    • Previous trial performance also affected current anticipatory behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • Neither internal prediction nor external cues unilaterally dominate anticipatory responses.
    • The relative contribution of internal and external factors dynamically adjusts based on stimulus conditions.
    • A model incorporating interacting neuronal anticipation and fixation signals can explain the observed behavior.