In vitro embryotoxicity testing of metals for dental use by differentiation of embryonic stem cell test

We examined embryotoxicity using the embryonic stem cell test (EST) protocol. Tests were conducted using standard reagents for the atomic absorption measurement of 11 metal ions, silver, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, palladium, antimony, tin, vanadium, and zinc from among metals comprising dental alloys. In addition, for four metals like silver, cobalt, chromium, and nickel, the tests were also conducted using a test solution extracted from powder in the cell culture medium. The embryotoxic potential was obtained from a biostatistics-based prediction model, which was calculated from three endpoints, the ID50, IC50ES and IC(50)3T3. Data with the standard reagents showed that chromium and mercury ions corresponded to class 3, that is, having a strong embryotoxicity, while antimony, tin, and vanadium ions exhibited a weak embryotoxicity. The other metal ions demonstrated no embryotoxicity. On the other hand, when extracts of metal powder in cell culture solutions were used, silver exhibited a weak embryotoxicity while all other metals exhibited no embryotoxicity. In the future, it will be important to clarify the embryotoxicity of the many dental materials that are in use today. In addition, it is necessary to develop substances to ensure they have no toxicity before use in dental applications.