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Related Concept Videos

Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

Phloem and Sugar Transport

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Ca2+ Signals in Arabidopsis Plants
10:12

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Published on: September 2, 2014

Calcium transport in apple trees.

C B Shear1, M Faust

  • 1Crop Research Division Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

Plant Physiology
|June 1, 1970
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium movement in apple seedlings is influenced by nitrogen source and plant growth regulators. Genetic factors also affect how readily calcium translocates to leaves.

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Staining the Cytoplasmic Ca2+ with Fluo-4/AM in Apple Pulp
08:05

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Published on: November 6, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Agricultural Science
  • Nutrient Transport

Background:

  • Calcium (Ca) is essential for plant cell wall structure and signaling.
  • Understanding Ca uptake and translocation is crucial for apple tree health and fruit quality.
  • Factors influencing Ca movement in woody plants are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors affecting calcium (Ca) translocation in apple seedlings.
  • To determine the role of nitrogen form, plant growth regulators, and genetic variation in Ca movement.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of Ca translocation in the stem.

Main Methods:

  • Radioactive calcium-45 ((45)Ca) was applied to the roots of apple seedlings.
  • Different nitrogen sources (nitrate vs. ammonium) were used.
  • Plant growth regulators (kinetin, benzyladenine, boron) were applied as sprays.
  • Ca movement and accumulation in different leaf tissues were analyzed.
  • Genetic differences in Ca translocation were assessed by comparing seedlings with juvenile and mature leaf characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Applied (45)Ca readily translocated to developing apple leaves.
  • Kinetin, benzyladenine, and boron sprays enhanced Ca movement.
  • Nitrate as the nitrogen source increased Ca movement and accumulation in mature leaves.
  • Ammonium as the nitrogen source promoted Ca movement into new leaves.
  • Stem translocation of Ca involves a nonspecific ion exchange, potentially related to lignin.
  • Genetic variations in Ca uptake and translocation were observed among seedlings.
  • Seedlings with juvenile leaf characteristics showed more efficient Ca translocation to mature leaves.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrogen form and plant growth regulators significantly influence calcium translocation in apple seedlings.
  • Nonspecific ion exchange mechanisms, possibly involving lignin, facilitate Ca movement in the stem.
  • Genetic factors play a role in calcium uptake and translocation efficiency.
  • Calcium translocation patterns in apple trees resemble those in herbaceous plants.