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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

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Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm
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DNA Methylation Occurred around Lowly Expressed Genes of Plastid DNA during Tomato Fruit Development.

J Ngernprasirtsiri1, H Kobayashi, T Akazawa

  • 1School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-01, Japan.

Plant Physiology
|September 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Tomato fruit plastid DNA methylation differs from leaf DNA. Methylation patterns correlate with gene expression in chromoplasts, suggesting a role in gene regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Plastid DNA (cpDNA) undergoes epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation.
  • Differential gene expression occurs between chloroplasts in leaves and chromoplasts in fruits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate DNA methylation patterns in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Firstmore) plastid DNA.
  • To compare methylation in plastid DNA from leaves, mature green fruits, and ripe red fruits.
  • To correlate DNA methylation with gene activity in chromoplasts.

Main Methods:

  • Restriction enzyme digestion (EcoRI, BstNI/EcoRII, HpaII/MspI) of plastid DNA from different tomato tissues.
  • Southern blot analysis to detect methylation status of specific DNA fragments.

Main Results:

  • Identical restriction profiles for chromoplast and chloroplast DNA using EcoRI.
  • Distinct restriction patterns of plastid DNA from tomato fruits compared to leaves using isoschizomers HpaII/MspI and BstNI/EcoRII, indicating differential methylation.
  • Methylation was absent in DNA fragments of actively transcribed genes in chromoplasts.
  • Methylation was detected in DNA fragments of genes with low transcriptional activity in chromoplasts.

Conclusions:

  • Tomato fruit plastid DNA exhibits distinct methylation patterns compared to leaf plastid DNA.
  • DNA methylation in tomato chromoplasts is inversely correlated with gene expression, suggesting a regulatory role in gene silencing.