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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

Phloem and Sugar Transport

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Carbohydrate Absorption01:25

Carbohydrate Absorption

Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase partially breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch into smaller oligosaccharides. This mechanical and enzymatic activity prepares carbohydrates for further processing in the gastrointestinal tract.
After being swallowed, the partially digested carbohydrates mix with gastric secretions in the stomach. However, the acidic environment...

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An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings
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Sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in transport tissues and adjacent sink structures in developing citrus fruit.

C A Lowell1, P T Tomlinson, K E Koch

  • 1Fruit Crops Department, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.

Plant Physiology
|August 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Grapefruit transport tissues show higher sucrose synthase activity during rapid sugar import, while juice sacs exhibit greater sucrose phosphate synthase and alkaline invertase activity, suggesting distinct roles in citrus fruit development.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Citrus Fruit Development

Background:

  • Citrus juice sacs lack phloem, requiring photosynthates to exit the vascular system for delivery.
  • Understanding enzyme roles in assimilate transport and storage is crucial for citrus fruit development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes with phloem unloading, transport, and storage in grapefruit.
  • To compare enzyme activities across different citrus fruit tissues and developmental stages.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme activity assays for four sucrose-metabolizing enzymes (acid invertase, alkaline invertase, sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase).
  • Analysis of sugar composition and dry weight accumulation.
  • Comparison of enzyme activities in vascular bundles, segment epidermis, juice sacs, and peel at three developmental stages.

Main Results:

  • Sucrose synthase activity was significantly higher in transport tissues (vascular bundles + segment epidermis) than sink tissues during rapid juice sac growth (stages II and III).
  • Sucrose phosphate synthase and alkaline invertase showed higher activity in juice sacs compared to transport tissues during stage II.
  • Soluble acid invertase was most active in young fruit (stage I) but decreased before sugar accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme activity patterns suggest distinct roles for sucrose synthase in transport and for sucrose phosphate synthase and alkaline invertase in storage/utilization within grapefruit.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the physiological function of high sucrose synthase activity in citrus transport tissues.