Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

4.7K
Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
4.7K
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

15.5K
Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
15.5K
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

10.2K
Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
10.2K
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

7.2K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
7.2K
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

8.6K
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
8.6K
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

4.4K
Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
4.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Potential link between the immune system and metabolism of nucleic acids.

Current opinion in immunology·2008
Same author

Targeted disruption of Hsp110/105 gene protects against ischemic stress.

Stroke·2008
Same author

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and dectin-1 contribute to the production of IL-12p40 by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells infected with Penicillium marneffei.

Microbes and infection·2008
Same author

Pathogen recognition by innate receptors.

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy·2008
Same author

STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2008
Same author

TLR agonists regulate alloresponses and uncover a critical role for donor APCs in allogeneic bone marrow rejection.

Blood·2008

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 8, 2010

11.0K

Toll-like receptor function and signaling.

Tsuneyasu Kaisho1, Shizuo Akira

  • 1RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Kanagawa, Japan.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|May 6, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammals use Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to detect pathogens, initiating immune responses. Understanding TLRs is key for developing therapies for autoimmune and allergic diseases.

More Related Videos

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

11.9K
A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces
07:55

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

Published on: January 7, 2020

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 8, 2010

11.0K
Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

11.9K
A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces
07:55

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

Published on: January 7, 2020

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammals detect pathogen invasion using pattern-recognition receptors.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical transmembrane pattern-recognition receptors, primarily on antigen-presenting cells.
  • TLR signaling activates innate and adaptive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in immune responses.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of TLR agonists in immune disorders.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding TLR molecular mechanisms for developing treatments.

Main Methods:

  • The abstract does not specify methods.
  • The abstract focuses on the known functions and implications of TLRs.

Main Results:

  • TLRs induce inflammatory cytokines and upregulate costimulatory molecules.
  • TLRs have specific functions, such as type I interferon induction.
  • TLR signaling is crucial for antimicrobial immunity and involved in autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TLR molecular mechanisms is vital for developing therapeutic strategies.
  • TLR agonists show promise for treating allergies and autoimmune diseases.
  • TLRs play a dual role in immunity, from defense to autoimmune manifestations.