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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
Published on: May 28, 2014
Structure-toxicity relationships for different types of dinuclear platinum complexes
Ganna V Kalayda1, Sarah Fakih, Helga Bertram
1Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Platinum drug toxicity in kidney cells depends on where they enter. Basolateral exposure is toxic, while apical exposure is not, due to differences in cell membrane uptake. Structure impacts toxicity.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology
- Toxicology
- Medicinal Chemistry
Background:
- Platinum-based drugs are crucial in cancer therapy.
- Renal epithelial toxicity is a significant side effect of platinum-based chemotherapy.
- Understanding the mechanisms of platinum drug-induced nephrotoxicity is essential for developing safer analogs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the renal epithelial toxicity of nine structurally distinct dinuclear platinum complexes.
- To investigate the influence of drug exposure side (apical vs. basolateral) on platinum complex toxicity.
- To establish structure-toxicity relationships for dinuclear platinum complexes in a renal epithelial model.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a novel in vitro model system using renal epithelial cells.
- Assessed platinum complex toxicity following exposure to either the apical or basolateral membrane.
- Analyzed platinum complex uptake across different membrane sides.
- Investigated reactivity with glutathione.
- Correlated complex structure with observed toxicity and uptake.
Main Results:
- Dinuclear platinum complexes exhibited significant toxicity when applied to the basolateral side of renal epithelia.
- Toxic effects were negligible when complexes were applied to the apical side.
- Differential toxicity was attributed to poor uptake through the apical membrane compared to the basolateral membrane.
- Toxicity on the basolateral side varied with complex structure.
- Among complexes with rigid ligands, sterically hindered compounds were less toxic due to reduced uptake and glutathione reactivity.
- Within the flexible ligand group, cis-isomers were more toxic than trans-isomers.
Conclusions:
- The route of platinum drug entry into renal epithelial cells critically determines their toxicity.
- Apical membrane uptake is a major barrier for platinum complex-induced nephrotoxicity.
- Structural features, including ligand rigidity, steric hindrance, and isomer configuration, significantly modulate the toxicity and uptake of dinuclear platinum complexes.
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