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Hypnic headache: an update.

R De Simone1, E Marano, A Ranieri

  • 1Headache Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University "Federico II" of Naples, Via Pansini 5, I-80131, Naples, Italy. rodesimo@unina.it

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|May 12, 2006
PubMed
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Hypnic headache (HH) is a rare, sleep-related headache disorder affecting older adults. Research suggests it

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Hypnic headache (HH) is a rare primary headache disorder exclusively occurring during sleep.
  • First described in 1988, its clinical spectrum has expanded beyond initial descriptions.
  • It is classified under the International Classification of Headache Disorders-II as a primary headache.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expanded clinical spectrum and potential pathophysiology of hypnic headache.
  • To consolidate current understanding of this rare sleep-associated disorder.
  • To discuss effective therapeutic options and underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and case reports on hypnic headache.
  • Analysis of clinical features, including age of onset, pain characteristics, and associated symptoms.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Examination of polysomnographic findings and proposed pathophysiological models.

    • Main Results:

    • Hypnic headache cases now include unilateral and longer-duration forms, with onset in younger individuals.
    • Pain is typically mild-moderate, fronto-temporal, and dull, with low incidence of nausea or photophobia.
    • Polysomnographic studies link HH to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and chronobiological factors.

    Conclusions:

    • Hypnic headache is a REM sleep-related disorder with a chronobiological basis.
    • Potential pathophysiology involves age-related suprachiasmatic nucleus impairment.
    • Effective treatments include lithium, melatonin, indomethacin, and caffeine.