Mineralization at the interface of implants

Osseointegration of implants is crucial for the long-term success of oral implants. Mineralization of the bone's extracellular matrix as the ultimate step of a mature bone formation is closely related to implant osseointegration. Osteogenesis at oral implants is a complex process, driven by cellular and acellular phenomena. The biological process of the maintenance and emergence of minerals in the vicinity of oral implants is influenced to a great extent by biophysical parameters. Implant-related structural and functional factors, as well as patient-specific factors, govern the features of osteogenesis. To understand the influence of these factors in peri-implant bone mineralization, it is important to consider the basic biological processes. Biological and crystallographic investigations have to be applied to evaluate mineralization at implant surfaces at the different hierarchical levels of analysis. This review gives insight into the complex theme of mineral formation around implants. Special focus is given to new developments in implant design and loading protocols aimed at accelerating osseointegration of dental implants.