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Related Experiment Videos

Source of nonlinearity in echo-time-dependent BOLD fMRI.

Tao Jin1, Ping Wang, Michelle Tasker

  • 1Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|May 16, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes are not always linear with echo time (TE). This study reveals nonlinearities in spin-echo BOLD imaging, impacting interpretation of physiological changes from relaxation rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Neuroimaging
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Transverse relaxation rate changes offer insights into blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast.
  • A linear relationship between BOLD fractional signal change (DeltaS/S) and echo time (TE) is often assumed.
  • Understanding this relationship is crucial for accurate physiological interpretation of BOLD signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the echo time (TE) dependence of BOLD fractional signal change (DeltaS/S) at 9.4 Tesla.
  • To investigate the linearity of this relationship under visual stimulation using gradient-echo (GE) and spin-echo (SE) echo-planar imaging (EPI).
  • To elucidate the factors contributing to observed nonlinearities in BOLD signal changes.

Main Methods:

  • Visual stimulation was applied to cats during MRI scans at 9.4 T.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Gradient-echo (GE) and spin-echo (SE) echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences were utilized.
  • The fractional signal change (DeltaS/S) was analyzed across a range of echo times (TEs), with and without diffusion weighting.

    • Main Results:

    • GE DeltaS/S showed near-linear TE dependence in parenchyma and cortical large vessels (TE 6-20 ms).
    • SE DeltaS/S exhibited nonlinear TE dependence (TE 16-70 ms) unless diffusion weighting (b = 200 s/mm(2)) was applied.
    • Nonlinearities were attributed to a two-compartment model (extravascular vs. intravascular signal), influenced by magnetic field strength and TE, not inflow or T(2)* decay.

    Conclusions:

    • The assumption of linear TE dependence for BOLD DeltaS/S is not universally valid, particularly for SE EPI at high field strengths.
    • Intravascular signal contributions can introduce nonlinearities, which can be mitigated using longer TEs and/or diffusion weighting at 9.4 T.
    • Careful determination of stimulation-induced relaxation rate changes and cautious interpretation of physiological meanings are essential.