Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 8, 2026

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
Published on: May 31, 2021
Is smoking related to body image satisfaction, stress, and self-esteem in young adults?
Ivana T Croghan1, Carrie Bronars, Christi A Patten
1Nicotine Dependence Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. croghan.ivana@mayo.edu
Objectives:
To examine the association of smoking and gender with body image satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-esteem in young adults.
Methods:
Respondents completed a survey consisting of Perceived Stress Scale, Body-Areas Satisfaction Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Current smokers (n = 483) and never smokers (n = 973) are included.
Results:
Smoking and female gender were independently associated with higher perceived stress (P < 0.001). Female gender was associated with lower body image satisfaction and lower self-esteem (P < 0.001). Current smoking was associated with lower self-esteem (P = 0.007).
Conclusion:
Smoking treatment should include stress management and self-esteem and body image improvement.
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