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Related Concept Videos

Masonry Paving01:21

Masonry Paving

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The construction of masonry paving involves using materials such as bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units. These materials are chosen for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be installed dry on a thin layer of sand and a gravel base, or they can be embedded in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas subjected to heavy vehicular loads, a rigid base layer of reinforced or unreinforced concrete is recommended. In contrast,...
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Segregation in Fresh Concrete01:16

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Segregation in fresh concrete is a phenomenon where the components of the concrete mix separate, leading to uneven distribution and compromised structural integrity. This separation typically occurs when concrete is subjected to excessive horizontal movement within forms, or when it is dropped from considerable heights or forced through narrow, winding paths. As a result, heavier coarse aggregate particles settle at the bottom, while lighter, finer materials such as cement and water rise to the...
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Curing Methods01:26

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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements01:28

Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements

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Concrete pavement joints are essential for maintaining the structural integrity and longevity of pavement by controlling where and how the pavement cracks. These joints can be categorized based on their functions, such as contraction or control joints, construction joints, isolation joints, and expansion joints.
Contraction joints are typically formed by sawing a groove into the concrete shortly after it has hardened. This creates a weakened vertical plane, deliberately encouraging cracking at...
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Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel

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Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
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Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves01:26

Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves

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Staking out curves is an essential process in construction to ensure the accurate alignment of structures along a curved path. This task involves positioning stakes at calculated locations corresponding to the curve's design, effectively translating plans into physical markers in the field. The process begins by determining the geometric parameters of the curve, including the radius, central angle, and tangent distances. These parameters are critical for identifying key points such as the...
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Clearing a path through the patent thicket.

Chris Holman1

  • 1University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. holmancm@umkc.edu

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|May 23, 2006
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patents can hinder scientific innovation by restricting access to fundamental discoveries and research tools. Legal and policy solutions exist to address these challenges and promote research advancement.

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Area of Science:

  • Intellectual Property Law
  • Biotechnology Law
  • Scientific Innovation Policy

Background:

  • Patents are intended to incentivize innovation but can sometimes impede scientific progress.
  • Restrictions on access to fundamental scientific discoveries and research tools pose a significant challenge.
  • The patenting of basic research outputs requires careful consideration of its impact on innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the complex relationship between patents and scientific innovation.
  • To identify how patenting fundamental discoveries and research tools can hinder innovation.
  • To explore legal and policy strategies for mitigating negative impacts of patents on basic research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of patent law and innovation policy.
  • Analysis of case studies on patenting fundamental scientific discoveries.
  • Examination of legal and policy frameworks addressing research tool access.

Main Results:

  • Patents do not universally promote innovation, especially when they limit access to foundational scientific knowledge.
  • Barriers to accessing fundamental discoveries and research tools can stifle further scientific inquiry and development.
  • Existing legal and policy mechanisms offer potential solutions to these patent-related challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Revisiting patentability criteria for fundamental discoveries is crucial.
  • Implementing clear licensing frameworks for research tools can foster innovation.
  • Policy interventions are necessary to balance patent rights with the need for open scientific advancement.