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Related Concept Videos

What is Variation?01:14

What is Variation?

Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.
Range: The range is the difference between its maximum and...
Variance01:15

Variance

The deviations show how spread out the data are about the mean. A positive deviation occurs when the data value exceeds the mean, whereas a negative deviation occurs when the data value is less than the mean. If the deviations are added, the sum is always zero. So one cannot simply add the deviations to get the data spread. By squaring the deviations, the numbers are made positive; thus, their sum will also be positive.The standard deviation measures the spread in the same units as the data.
Variation01:19

Variation

An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
When independent and dependent variables are plotted on a scatter plot, the slope of a line is a value that describes the rate of change between the two...
Variability: Analysis01:11

Variability: Analysis

Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs. “eh”). Phonemes combine to...
Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...

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fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals
11:15

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Microvariation in accentual alignment in Basque Spanish.

Gorka Elordieta1, Nagore Calleja

  • 1University of the Basque Country/HiTT, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. gorka.elordieta@ehu.es

Language and Speech
|May 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals unique accentual alignment patterns in Spanish varieties from the Basque Country. Lekeitio Spanish shows mixed Basque and Spanish intonation, while Vitoria Spanish aligns with other Spanish dialects.

Area of Science:

  • Phonetics and Phonology
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Prosody

Background:

  • Spanish varieties in the Basque Country exhibit unique linguistic features due to language contact.
  • Accentual alignment, a key prosodic feature, varies across Spanish dialects.
  • Lekeitio Basque (LB) and Lekeitio Spanish (LS) present a unique case of bilingual influence on Spanish intonation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare accentual alignment patterns in Lekeitio Spanish (LS) and Vitoria Spanish (VS).
  • To contrast these patterns with Madrid Spanish (MS) and Lekeitio Basque (LB).
  • To explore the influence of Basque on Spanish intonation in the Basque Country.

Main Methods:

  • Acoustic analysis of pitch contours and accentual peak alignment.

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  • Comparison of intonational patterns across three Spanish varieties (LS, VS, MS) and one Basque variety (LB).
  • Examination of tonal target alignment and syllable-timed prosody.

    • Main Results:

    • Lekeitio Spanish (LS) displays mixed intonational properties: pitch rises like Spanish but with earlier peak alignment, similar to Basque.
    • Vitoria Spanish (VS) shows typical Spanish accentual alignment with later peak alignment and earlier low tone target alignment.
    • A continuum of tonal target alignment was observed across all studied varieties, questioning the "starred tone" notation.

    Conclusions:

    • Lekeitio Spanish (LS) demonstrates significant influence from Lekeitio Basque (LB) in its accentual alignment.
    • Vitoria Spanish (VS) prosody aligns with general patterns observed in other Spanish dialects.
    • The findings contribute to understanding language contact phenomena in prosody and the limitations of current intonational analysis models.