Expression of genes regulating malonyl-CoA in human skeletal muscle

In humans and animal models, increased intramuscular lipid (IML) stores have been implicated in insulin resistance. Malonyl-CoA plays a critical role in cellular lipid metabolism both by serving as a precursor in the synthesis of lipids and by inhibiting lipid oxidation. In muscle, Malonyl-CoA acts primarily as a negative allosteric regulator of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT1) activity, thereby blocking the transport of long chain fatty acyl CoAs into the mitochondria for oxidation. In muscle, increased malonyl-CoA, decreased muscle CPT1 activity, and increased IML have all been reported in obesity. In order to determine whether malonyl-CoA synthesis might be under transcriptional as well as biochemical regulation, we measured mRNA content of several key genes that contribute to the cellular metabolism of malonyl-CoA in muscle biopsies from lean to morbidly obese subjects. Employing quantitative real-time PCR, we determined that expression of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) was increased by 50% with obesity (P < 0.05). In both lean and obese subjects, expression of mitochondrial ACC2 was 20-fold greater than that of cytoplasmic ACC1, consistent with their hypothesized roles in synthesizing malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA for CPT1 regulation and lipogenesis, respectively. In addition, in both lean and obese subjects, expression of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase was approximately 40-fold greater than fatty acid synthase, consistent with degradation, rather than lipogenesis, being the primary fate of malonyl-CoA in human muscle. No other genes showed signs of increased mRNA content with obesity, suggesting that there may be selective transcriptional regulation of malonyl-CoA metabolism in human obesity.