The structure of the cervical canal of the ewe

The cervical canal of the ewe does not allow for the consistent transcervical passage of insemination instruments. To define the factors affecting transcervical passage, the gross anatomy of the cervix and canal were studied in 100 estrous ewes and then in their reproductive organs following slaughter. In each ewe, the vagina and cervical opening was examined and the external os was classified into one of four types. Insemination instruments were introduced into the cervical opening and manipulation through the canal was attempted. Fluoroscopy was used to record the flow of contrast material through the canal. Ultrasound, xeroradiography and computed axial tomography were used to image the canal of the recovered reproductive tracts. Following imaging, each cervical canal was filled with silicone to create a mold which was used to measure and describe the canal. The average length (+/-SD) of the cervical canal was 6.7 +/- 1.1 cm and contained 4.9 +/- 1.0 funnel-shaped rings (n = 79). Successful passage of insemination instruments was limited by failure to identify the cervical opening and the small openings in the rings, 2.7 +/- 1.1 mm on average (+/-SD) which were not concentrically aligned. The eccentric rings were most consistently the second or third rings from the external os. The design of effective instrumentation and technique for transcervical passage must take these factors into account.