Inhibition of cobalamin-dependent enzymes by cobalamin analogues in rats

To determine which parts of the cobalamin (cbl) molecule are required for enzyme activity and which parts, if altered, might inhibit cbl-dependent enzyme activity, we synthesized 16 cbl analogues and administered them to nutritionally normal rats. The cbl analogues, with either modifications of the propionamide side chains of the A-, B-, and C-rings, the acetamide side chain of the B-ring, or the nucleotide moiety, were administered to rats by continuous 14-d subcutaneous infusion. Infusion of cbl-stimulated, cbl-dependent activity. Changes in any part of the cbl molecule always abolished stimulation and, in some cases, caused potent inhibition of both cbl-dependent enzymes. The most inhibitory analogues, OH-cbl[c-lactam], a B-ring analogue, and OH-cbl[e-dimethylamide] and OH-cbl[e-methylamide], two C-ring analogues, decreased mean liver holo-L-methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase activity to 65% of control values and increased serum methylmalonic acid concentrations to as high as 3,200% of the control values. Liver methionine synthetase activity was decreased to approximately 20% of the control and mean serum total homocysteine concentrations were increased to 340% of control. A similar level of inhibition was demonstrated in rats who were exposed to 28 d of inhaled nitrous oxide or a prolonged period of dietary cbl deficiency. The inhibitory cbl analogues, nitrous oxide, and diet deficiency all depleted liver cbl. The naturally occurring cbl analogues with modifications of the nucleotide moiety had no effects. We conclude that all parts of the cbl molecule are necessary for in vivo cbl-dependent enzyme activity and that modifications of the side chains of the B and C rings are associated with potent in vivo inhibition of cbl-dependent enzyme activity.