Pathology of the corpus luteum of cows

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine organ which can manifest a number of pathologic conditions such as cysts, inflammation, adhesions, dysfunction and neoplasia. Luteal and follicular cysts are the most commonly encountered abnormalities and need to be distinguished from cysts within a normal CL. Inflammatory lesions are also frequently encountered and can be caused by viral, bacterial, or iatrogenic causes. If inflammation is severe, adhesions and subfertility/infertility can result. Luteal dysfunction is a broad classification of another pathologic condition encountered in the cow. Generally this results in abnormal production of progesterone or abnormal luteal lifespan resulting in infertility. Neoplasms are relatively rare in the CL but include both primary and metastatic tumors. Understanding the pathologic conditions that occur within the CL will allow a more accurate clinical assessment of these very dynamic endocrine structures.