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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care
14:32

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Published on: February 16, 2011

Standing up for a change: reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation.

Alexander M Czopp1, Margo J Monteith, Aimee Y Mark

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA. alexander.czopp@utoledo.edu

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|June 2, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Interpersonal confrontations effectively reduce stereotypic responses and prejudiced attitudes. Even hostile confrontations lead to reduced bias, demonstrating their effectiveness in promoting social change.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Intergroup Relations
  • Bias Reduction

Background:

  • Stereotypic inferences perpetuate prejudice.
  • Interpersonal confrontations are a potential intervention strategy.
  • Understanding confrontation effectiveness is crucial for bias reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of interpersonal confrontations in decreasing stereotypic responding.
  • To examine how confrontation hostility and confronter race influence reactions.
  • To assess the generalization of confrontation effects on attitudes.

Main Methods:

  • Participants made stereotypic inferences, then received confrontations.
  • Confrontations varied in hostility and confronter race.
  • Intrapersonal and interpersonal reactions were measured.

Main Results:

  • Confrontations, especially hostile ones, elicited negative emotions toward the confronter.
  • Participants experienced negative self-directed affect after confrontation.
  • Confronted individuals showed reduced stereotypic responding and less prejudiced attitudes.

Conclusions:

  • Interpersonal confrontations are effective in reducing stereotypic responding.
  • The impact of confrontation generalizes to broader attitude change.
  • Confrontation is a viable tool for mitigating prejudice.