Apoptosis: a relevant tool for anticancer therapy

A Russo1, M Terrasi, V Agnese

  • 1Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical and Oncology, Università di Palermo, Italy. lab-oncobiologia@usa.net

Insights

Targeting apoptosis, a crucial cell death process, offers new cancer treatment strategies. While some therapies are in development, targeting apoptosis pathways shows promise for overcoming cancer drug resistance.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is essential for removing damaged cells and preventing cancer.
  • Defective apoptosis is a key factor in cancer development and progression.
  • Cancer cells often develop resistance to chemotherapy and radiation by altering apoptotic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel targeted therapies that exploit apoptosis for cancer treatment.
  • To update on molecular players targeting apoptosis, including those in clinical use or evaluation.
  • To highlight potential future anticancer drug programs targeting apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on apoptosis and cancer.
  • Analysis of molecular targets within the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic agents targeting apoptosis machinery (e.g., p53, proteasome).

Main Results:

  • Several targeted therapies exploiting apoptosis are in preclinical or clinical development.
  • Agents like bortezomib are already in use, while others (e.g., ONYX-015, TRAIL/Apo2L) show promise.
  • Drug resistance remains a challenge, but novel approaches offer potential.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting apoptosis pathways represents a promising strategy for novel cancer therapies.
  • Further research and clinical evaluation are needed for many apoptosis-targeting agents.
  • Exploiting apoptosis offers a route to overcome resistance in cancer treatment.

Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...