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Interactions between wave action and grazing control the distribution of intertidal macroalgae
Per R Jonsson1, Lena Granhag, Paula S Moschella
1Department of Marine Ecology, Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, Göteborg University, Strömstad, Sweden. per.jonsson@tmbl.gu.se
Ecology
|June 10, 2006
Summary
Wave action and grazing by limpets control the survival of canopy macroalgae like Fucus. High wave forces dislodge algae, while high limpet densities prevent their establishment on rocky shores.
Area of Science:
- Marine ecology
- Benthic ecology
- Rocky shore ecosystems
Background:
- Canopy-forming macroalgae are crucial for temperate rocky shore ecosystems.
- The interplay between physical forces (waves) and biological interactions (grazing) in controlling macroalgal establishment and persistence is poorly understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the relative importance of wave-induced forces and grazing by limpets on the recruitment and survival of intertidal macroalgae, specifically Fucus vesiculosus and F. spiralis.
- To develop models predicting macroalgal responses to environmental factors and climate change.
Main Methods:
- Utilized overtopped breakwaters to create a gradient of wave exposure.
- Conducted biomechanical analysis using empirical wave force data and Fucus spp. breaking stress.
- Performed experimental transplantation of Fucus spp. and removal of the principal grazer, Patella vulgata.
- Developed a conceptual model integrating wave action, grazing, and climate change impacts.
Main Results:
- Biomechanical analysis predicted Fucus spp. larger than 10 cm would be dislodged by wave forces (7-8 m/s) on the seaward side of breakwaters.
- Experimental results supported biomechanical predictions and indicated mechanical abrasion further limits survival in wave-exposed areas.
- Experimental limpet removal on the seaward side led to Fucus spp. recruitment, suggesting grazing is a key factor.
- A model indicated limpet densities of 5-20 individuals/m² prevent Fucus spp. establishment, while wave action >2 m/s reduces persistence.
Conclusions:
- Wave exposure indirectly influences Fucus spp. recruitment and survival by affecting limpet densities.
- Increased storm frequency due to climate change is predicted to shift fucoids towards more sheltered intertidal habitats.
- Understanding these physical and biological interactions is vital for predicting the future distribution of key macroalgal species.
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