COX-2 is associated with cadmium-induced ICAM-1 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells

In order to get insight into the mechanism of cadmium (Cd)-induced brain injury, we investigated the effects of Cd on the induction of COX-2 and ICAM-1 in bEnd.3 mouse brain endothelial cells (EC). Cd stimulated PGE(2) release in a time and dose dependent manner, which was accompanied by increase of COX-2 expression. The thiol-reducing antioxidant N-acetylcyteine attenuated Cd-induced PGE(2) production and COX-2 expression. Cd increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but not of JNK and ERK1/2. A blockade of p38 MAPK pathway abrogated Cd-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production. Cd-induced ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte-EC adhesion were diminished by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and NS-398, which was reversed by addition of PGE(2). Together, these data suggest that Cd induces COX-2 expression through the activation of p38 MAPK, an oxidative stress-sensitive cellular signaling molecule, and induction of COX-2 is associated with ICAM-1 expression in brain endothelial cells following Cd exposure.