Cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by frequent and complex genomic abnormalities that not only essentially contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease but also reflect its prognostic heterogeneity. There is evidence for two more or less mutually exclusive oncogenic pathways in the early development of clonal plasma cell disorders. Approximately half the tumours are non-hyperdiploid and carry translocations of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus and various oncogenes, for example Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, and FGFR3. The remaining hyperdiploid tumours exhibit recurrent trisomies - typically of chromosomes 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, and 21 - but infrequently exhibit IgH translocations. While some chromosomal aberrations, such as deletion of chromosome arm 13q, deliver independent prognostic information that is already utilized for risk stratification within clinical trials, the prognostic significance of most other genetic aberrations in MM is undetermined.