Synthesis and electrochemical properties of chemically substituted LiMn2O4 prepared by a solution-based gel method

Lithium manganese oxide, LiMn(2)O(4), and its substituted samples LiM(0.05)Mn(1.95)O(4) (M=Al, Co, and Zn) were first prepared by a cost-saving and effective new solution-based gel method using a mixture of acetate and ethanol as the chelating agent. The physical properties of the synthesized samples were investigated by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electronic microscopy. The as-prepared powders were used as positive materials for a lithium-ion battery, whose charge/discharge properties and cycle performance were examined. The results revealed that all the substituted samples had better cycle performance than pure LiMn(2)O(4). Among these synthesized materials, the LiCo(0.05)Mn(1.95)O(4) sample had the best cycle performance. After 30 cycles, its capacity loss was only 3%. Therefore, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to characterize the reactions of Li ion insertion into and extraction from LiCo(0.05)Mn(1.95)O(4) electrodes.