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Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Published on: June 21, 2016
CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins alpha and epsilon cooperate with all-trans retinoic acid in therapy but differ in
Young-Jin Lee1, Letetia C Jones, Nikolai A Timchenko
1Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Box 0134, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Abstract:
CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) play critical roles in myelopoiesis. Dysregulation of these proteins likely contributes to the pathogenesis of myeloid disorders characterized by a block in granulopoiesis. In one such disease, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARalpha) fusion protein is expressed as a result of a t(15;17) chromosomal translocation. Treatment of PML-RARalpha leukemic cells with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) causes them to differentiate into mature neutrophils, an effect thought to be mediated by C/EBPs. In this study, we assess the potential for cooperativity between increased C/EBP activity and ATRA therapy. We demonstrate that although both C/EBPalpha and C/EBPepsilon can significantly prolong survival in a mouse model of APL, they are not functionally equivalent in this capacity. We also show that forced expression of C/EBPalpha or C/EBPepsilon in combination with ATRA treatment has a synergistic effect on survival of leukemic mice compared with either therapy alone.
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