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Related Concept Videos

Phenotypic Profiling of Human Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons09:21

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This protocol describes the cell culturing of human midbrain dopaminergic neurons, followed by immunological staining and the generation of neuronal phenotypic profiles from acquired microscopic high-content images allowing the identification of phenotypic variations due to genetic or chemical...
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In Parkinson's Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using...
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Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains08:45

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The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of...
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Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various...
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Dopamine is distinctly regulated in the midbrain nuclei, which contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the dopamine neurons. Here we describe a dissection and sample-handling approach to maximize results, and thus conclusions and insights, on dopamine regulation in the midbrain nuclei of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
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The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide.

I Marinov1, A Gnanadesikan, J R Toggweiler

  • 1Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA. imarinov@mit.edu

Nature
|June 23, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Southern Ocean

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Nutrient and carbon cycles in the Southern Ocean significantly influence global carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and biological production.
  • Previous models indicated high-latitude regions are critical for atmospheric CO2 regulation, with nutrient utilization tightly linked to CO2 levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if specific Southern Ocean regions have differential impacts on air-sea CO2 balance and biological export production.
  • To identify distinct regional controls within the Southern Ocean for carbon cycling and biological export.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an ocean general circulation model to simulate increased surface nutrient drawdown in the Southern Ocean.
  • Analyzed the model's response to changes in nutrient availability across different oceanic regions.

Main Results:

  • Atmospheric CO2 balance is primarily regulated by the Antarctic deep-water formation region's biological pump and circulation.
  • Global biological export production is predominantly controlled by the Subantarctic intermediate and mode water formation region's biological pump and circulation.

Conclusions:

  • A biogeochemical divide exists between Antarctic and Subantarctic regions in the Southern Ocean.
  • This separation suggests potential for targeted climate interventions to influence either carbon cycling or biological production distinctly.