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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect damage-associated...
Acute Inflammation II: Cellular Phase01:26

Acute Inflammation II: Cellular Phase

The cellular phase of acute inflammation is a tightly orchestrated sequence of events that recruits leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, to sites of tissue injury or infection. Following the initial vascular changes, this phase ensures effective immune cell migration, activation, and function at the affected site to eliminate pathogens and initiate tissue repair.Leukocyte Recruitment CascadeLeukocyte recruitment happens in four steps: margination, adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis. Reduced...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide
08:33

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

Published on: December 15, 2014

Proinflammatory cytokines in acute asthma.

P H Brown1, G K Crompton, A P Greening

  • 1Respiratory Unit, Northern General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|September 7, 1991
PubMed
Summary

This study found that while T-lymphocyte activation occurs in asthma, plasma soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) is not a reliable indicator of disease activity or treatment response in patients with asthma.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Airway inflammation in asthma involves complex cytokine interactions between immune cells.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for managing asthma effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate peripheral blood cytokine concentrations in adults with varying asthma severity.
  • To assess the utility of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) as a marker for asthma activity and treatment response.

Main Methods:

  • Measured plasma concentrations of various cytokines, including granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R).
  • Compared cytokine levels across groups: severe acute asthma, mild asthma, chronic asthma, and healthy controls.
  • Monitored sIL-2R levels sequentially in severe asthma patients undergoing steroid treatment.

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Main Results:

  • Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) levels were significantly higher in severe asthma patients compared to healthy controls.
  • Plasma sIL-2R concentrations were elevated in all asthma groups compared to healthy individuals but did not differ between asthma severity levels.
  • While sIL-2R levels decreased significantly after 7 days of steroid treatment, this change did not correlate with clinical improvement in peak expiratory flow.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms T-lymphocyte activation in asthma.
  • Plasma sIL-2R is not a sensitive or reliable biomarker for monitoring asthma disease activity or predicting treatment efficacy.
  • Further research is needed to identify better biomarkers for asthma management.