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Updated: Aug 7, 2026
A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse
Published on: October 24, 2017
A prospective study of early pregnancy loss in humans
Virginia J Vitzthum1, Hilde Spielvogel, Jonathan Thornburg
1Anthropology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. Vitzthum@indiana.edu
Objective:
To test two hypotheses: In spontaneous conceptions, early pregnancy loss (EPL) is associated with [1] inadequate luteal (ovarian) P, and/or [2] elevated follicular (adrenal) P.
Design:
A population-based prospective study.
Setting:
Thirty rural Bolivian communities.
Patient(S):
Women volunteers (n = 191), 19-40 years old, in stable sexual unions and not using contraception.
Intervention(S):
Collection of serial saliva samples throughout sequential ovarian cycles and urine samples during late luteal phases. Collections continued throughout pregnancy for each detected conception.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
Occurrence of spontaneous conceptions and subsequent outcomes. Salivary concentrations of P. Test for elevated urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
Result(S):
Luteal (through implantation) P levels were similar in pregnancies lost within 5 weeks after conception (EPL; n = 8) and those pregnancies that were maintained longer (sustained conceptions, SC; n = 32). Follicular P was significantly higher in EPL than in SC.
Conclusion(S):
[1] Elevated follicular P was associated with EPL in natural conceptions in healthy women. [2] Early pregnancy loss exhibits absolute luteal P levels comparable to SC, but lower luteal/follicular P ratios.
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