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Related Concept Videos

Travelling Waves01:04

Travelling Waves

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A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is...
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Sound Waves01:01

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Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
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Shock Waves01:16

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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores
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Seismic waves increase permeability.

Jean E Elkhoury, Emily E Brodsky, Duncan C Agnew

    Nature
    |July 1, 2006
    PubMed
    Summary

    Earthquakes temporarily increase aquifer permeability, impacting groundwater flow and potentially influencing seismic activity. This study monitored well water levels over 20 years to quantify these earthquake-induced permeability changes.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Hydrology
    • Seismology

    Background:

    • Earthquakes significantly impact hydrological systems, altering water well levels, streamflow, and spring discharge.
    • Increased permeability in faults is a key mechanism explaining many earthquake-induced hydrological changes.
    • Measuring aquifer permeability over time is crucial for understanding fluid dynamics and seismic interactions.

    Discussion:

    • This study utilized 20 years of water well data and solid Earth tide responses to assess permeability changes.
    • Transient phase shifts in water level response to tidal strain were observed following seven Southern California earthquakes.
    • A model of axisymmetric flow was employed to correlate phase response with aquifer properties, specifically permeability.

    Key Insights:

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  • Earthquake events caused a temporary increase in aquifer permeability by up to a factor of three.
  • The magnitude of permeability increase correlated linearly with seismic wave peak ground velocity.
  • Observed permeability changes provide insights into fluid flow in hydrological and oil reservoir systems.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research can explore the long-term effects of earthquake-induced permeability changes on fluid systems.
    • Understanding these permeability variations is vital for both hydrological resource management and seismic hazard assessment.
    • Pore pressure fluctuations resulting from permeability changes may influence fault stability and earthquake recurrence.