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Self-imposed timeouts under increasing response requirements.

J F Dardano

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
    |March 1, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Pigeons frequently exhibit self-imposed timeouts under progressive-ratio schedules, especially when responding is challenging. This behavior is influenced by factors like body weight and timeout duration, suggesting it may be an escape or reinforced response.

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral Psychology
    • Animal Behavior Studies

    Background:

    • Progressive-ratio (PR) schedules are used to study response allocation under increasing effort.
    • Self-imposed timeouts (pauses in responding) are a common behavior observed in operant conditioning paradigms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the characteristics and controlling variables of self-imposed timeouts in pigeons under a PR food schedule.
    • To determine if timeout behavior is influenced by schedule parameters, reinforcement history, or physiological state.

    Main Methods:

    • Pigeons were exposed to a PR food schedule where specific response requirements increased progressively.
    • Self-imposed timeouts were recorded, and their frequency was analyzed under varying conditions, including different timeout durations and body weights.
    • Response rates on a timeout-contingent key were compared to a non-contingent key.

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    Main Results:

    • Pigeons consistently produced timeouts across multiple sessions.
    • Timeout frequency was higher on a key with a timeout consequence compared to a key without one.
    • An inverse relationship was observed between body weight and the number of timeouts.
    • Timeouts occurred regardless of whether the timeout duration was brief, lengthy, or pigeon-controlled.
    • Timeout behavior was dependent on the variables controlling responding under the PR schedule.
    • Timeouts were more frequent during later, more demanding ratio steps and occurred during post-reinforcement pauses or early ratio progression.

    Conclusions:

    • Self-imposed timeouts are a robust behavior in pigeons under PR schedules, sensitive to schedule demands and physiological state.
    • The behavior may function as an escape from aversive aspects of the PR schedule or as a reinforced behavior due to stimulus change.